jack3d original. Buy USP Labs Jack 3d Pre workout for sale at nutritional supplement shop. jack3d original

 
 Buy USP Labs Jack 3d Pre workout for sale at nutritional supplement shopjack3d original  Now im wondering is this true or is it just something the fda compared it

Don't waste your money again on a pre workout that doesn't deliver. I have a very high tolerance to things for whatever reason. or Best Offer. Is it still made and available on the US market? Menu. . But a study commissioned by the United States military after the two soldiers died raised red. But it’s back now and better than ever! With a new and improved formula you can expect the same. 250g box/ OLD FORMULA / old version / OFF. Jack 3d Usp Labs Jack3d Jack 3 d. The face-melting, PR inducing, and adrenaline racing days that made lifting and preworkout the perfect marriage. DMAA pre workout is a pre workout supplement that includes the stimulant DMAA (1,3 Dimethylamylamine), an amphetamine derivative. The stimulant resurfaced in 2006 when American chemist Patrick Arnold reintroduced it as a dietary. Jack3d is a pre-workout supplement that promises to provide additional energy, increased mental focus, and better recovery times for users. Decided to take a break from 1,3DMAA since my body crashed insanely hard off of it. The original Jack3d pre-workout was banned due to its inclusion of DMAA, a potent stimulant deemed unsafe by the FDA due to its significant cardiovascular effects. item 4 USP LABS JACK3D 45 SERV ADVANCED PRE WORKOUT TRENING MATRIX CREATINE EU FORMULA USP LABS JACK3D 45 SERV ADVANCED PRE WORKOUT TRENING MATRIX CREATINE EU FORMULA. On other threads ( like this and this) people have mentioned it shows up as an amphetamine. I will say that Jack3d seemed very unhealthy to me. Com Jack3d Usp Labs você terá picos imensos de energia e disposição. If you. There is still original jack3d here in the U. Every brand of pre workout makes this claim using different words, but is Jack3d Pre Workout one of the few elite supplements that actually lives up to the hype? The ban of DMAA in 2012 led to the original formulation of Jack3d being pulled off the market. Discount code: LIFTVAULT30 = 30% off at Chaos & Pain (Cannibal Ferox only) Caffeine: 450 mg. I can notice a huge difference. 55 grams), up to a total of 2 full scoops. Free Shipping. For a new Starter in the area of pump supplements or NO (nitric oxide) need I need maximum 2 spoon Jack3d Booster Powder in 200 ml water. Price: $37. What you can do to reduce is: drink a lot of water, take ginger, garlic it helps and fiber as well. 95. It boasts an ingredient profile designed to give the most focused, intense, and pumped workouts, and has no unnecessary “filler” ingredients. XTEND Original 7g BCAA Powder Raspberry Ice-Lemon Electrolytes Recovery 30 Serve. The original Jack3d was the best, but after trying C4 and N0explode, Jack3d is still my favorite and. Por: R$165,62 no pix ou boleto. DrLats • 10 yr. Free shipping. and yet somehow still isn’t as strong as the original Jack3d lolJack3d is said to boost energy, concentration and metabolism. What set Jack3d apart was its inclusion of DMAA (Methylhexanamine) as its main ingredient, which is basically an analogue of an amphetamine and has similar effects. Jack3D Original DMAA HCl Lemon is a blend of powerful ingredients used by athletes & bodybuilders for a heavy-duty pre-workout boost. S. It is still good until April of 2016. So I bought the new fruit punch batch of Jack3d because I myself also used the Older original batches of Jack3d with amphetamines in it. Jack3d is more potent than ever, back and better than before, delivering the ultimate boost for a genuinely hardcore workout. USPLabs Jack3d Reformulated. contains any banned and/or illegal substances. Beta Alanine (tingles) This time the focus is on a popular workout supplement called Jack3d, which contains an amphetamine-like stimulant called dimethylamylamine, or DMAA. 1 grams) with 4 ounces of cold water and consume 30-45 minutes prior to resistance training. However, Jack3d destroys WF. The reason why is because it's after DMAA (25mg) which means it can't be any more than 25mg. Its powerful combination of NEW. Our Picks for the Strongest Pre-Workout in 2023: Strongest Pre-Workout Overall: Transparent Labs BULK Black. Seems to work fast and is enough for pwo. 95. I believe it was the 1, 3 dimethylamylamine they removed and the new formula now just isn't worth the money sadly. Posted by u/[Deleted Account] - No votes and 15 commentsJack3d Original price $ 64. For me, so far, Black Powder is the best pre-workout supp hands down. Anyone else see this Original Jack3d - Bodybuilding. *Supplement Facts are based on 3 scoop serving. It can be considered the fastest acting product to boost up the energy and stamina to perform well. SuperPump250 was very good with the pumps but didn't give me the buzz that the Jack3d gives. Jack3d is the ONLY product I have ever had do this to me. Jack3D Original DMAA HCL is a proved fast acting and a cheaper booster available in the market. com forums were blowing up with the new release of Craze. When taken as recommended, OxyElite Pro was said to increase the body’s metabolism, help with appetite suppression, and turn off fat receptors in the body. Quantity. Liquid IV Vs. They have reformilated the product, without that ingredient and is now called "Jack3d Advanced Formula". Buy USP Labs Jack 3d Pre workout for sale at nutritional supplement shop. ’s position. Depending where you are. Avise-me quando este produto voltar ao estoque. Jack3d Pre Workout Original Formula is perhaps the most popular supplement ever released. Jack3d Flavors. Jack3d will prepare the muscle and brain for strenuous exercise. Also the new Methyl Pump from GNC has DMAA. There is a reason why JACK3D is substantially cheaper than 90% of everything else on the market. Home. 1. Best Seller Cellucor C4 Sport Pre Workout Powder Fruit. To boil things down to their essence, the Jack3d Original Formula was banned, but its parent company, USP Labs, still makes a pretty sick selection of preworkouts that remain in the FDA’s good graces. item 4 USP LABS JACK3D 45 SERV ADVANCED PRE WORKOUT TRENING MATRIX CREATINE EU FORMULA USP LABS JACK3D 45 SERV ADVANCED PRE WORKOUT TRENING MATRIX CREATINE EU FORMULA. Agora, prepara-te para uma onda de. The Original Jack3d formula contains creatine, beta alanine, caffeine and the main focus-point is 1,3 Dimethylamylamine, better known as Methylhexanamine or. Making it seem like the product was somewhat of a. You can also play this game on your mobile device. So i was just looking for a new prew to buy and i found this is this possible? Isnt it discontinued long time ago? And it was brought up in section "back to stock"The manufacturer of Jack3D reformulated the ingredients of the supplement after it was banned in the UK, the US, Canada and Australia, but several sites still sell the original formulation. Jack3d is an intense powder pre workout. USPlabs, which sold the best-selling workout supplement Jack3d, and six of its executives face criminal charges for the unlawful sale of nutritional supplements, the U. Bodybuilders loved it. 80. Green apple. Like Mesomorph, Jack3d previously featured DMAA. ORIGINAL Suplemen Fitness USPLABS Jack3d 45 serving Jacked Pre Workout. Claire Squires, the 30-year-old woman who died while running the London marathon last year, had a now-banned stimulant, Jack3d, in her water bottle. -XPLODE Pre Workout Supplement with Creatine, Beta-Alanine, and Energy,. Cellucor C4 Original Pre Workout Powder Fruit Punch | Vitamin C for Immune Support | Sugar Free Preworkout Energy for Men & Women | 150mg Caffeine + Beta Alanine + Creatine | 30 Servings. Jack3d will prepare the muscle and brain for strenuous exercise. 99 with. What’s waiting inside is a truly explosive mix of well-researched ingredients such as arginine alpha-ketoglutarate, creatine monohydrate, beta alanine, caffeine, geranium extract, DMHA, and Schizandrol A. This time the focus is on a popular workout supplement called Jack3d, which contains an amphetamine-like stimulant called dimethylamylamine, or DMAA. . 95. But the majority of products on bodyshock should be legit, otherwise they would go out. Jack3d Micro. I ordered "Jack'd up" by hi-tech pharmaceuticals which is supposed to be a jack3d-clone. Boost Muscular Strength With Clinically Validated Ingredients. khergan. I'm about to begin a serious workout regime in a couple of weeks, and would like to know what the best preworkout is from someone who knows their pre-workouts (not someone who goes. Powder 7. A. The sole objective of The Ultimate Jack3d Original Pre Workout with DMHA is to enable you to rule your domain. I've used jack3d and it was much better before they reformulated it. [deleted] • 5 yr. Alpha Yohimbine: 2 mg. Skip To Section hide. This supplement is the perfect balance of effectiveness and value. [deleted] • 5 yr. Our Picks for the Strongest Pre-Workout in 2023: Strongest Pre-Workout Overall: Transparent Labs BULK Black. Toys & Hobbies. The Original Jack3d formula contains creatine, beta alanine, and caffeine. Jack3d Pre-Workout Ingredients. This ingredient is contained in Jack3d and would cause you to fail. Primeiro apareceu o Jack3D original, que criou ondas de choque em todo o globo ao tornar inúteis, impotentes e ineficazes todas as outras fórmulas pré-treino. Jack3D Original DMAA HCL is a proved fast acting and a cheaper booster available in the market. The original formula contained DMAA, an ingredient that is now illegal in the United States and many other countries. Source: Good friend is Vice President of USPlabs (makers of jack3d). I was meticulous to track the original bleed to jack3d, absolutely no question there was a correlation. $42. . PWO Jack3d Original formulan DMAA. Advanced Taste You're no stranger to the weight room and you've surely tried your fair share of pre-workout products. It improves the mental and physical energy to be focused and alert. This supplement is the perfect balance of effectiveness and value. Both are now back in stock, except for military stores, where it. I went into a local supplement store just monday. legal VAT. The U. 72 Ounce (Pack of 1) 6,510. $3499 ($4. Download Jak 3 ISO to your computer and play it with a compatible emulator. look in gumtree for the old Jack3d. 9000: Brand: USP Labs: Nutrition Facts: Serving Size: 1-3 Scoops (5. Justice Department said. (250 Grams) 45 Ultra Concentrated Scoops. Jack Kirby Original Cosmic Book 3D Glasses Unused 1982 3D Video Unused Red Blue. It's an intense training aid enhanced with Geranium. Every ingredient is just something that enhances product uptake. View Profile View Forum Posts o_O Join Date: Jul 2007 Location: Michigan, United StatesBuy Jack3D DMAA - Recording Recommendation:. 45 Serves (250g) Original Jack3d USA Formula is the amazing “nitric oxide” pre-workout supplement created by the pros over at USPLabs. Yes. April 20, 2013Basically, Jack3d original definitely brings more energy, but if you’re more interested in lifting heavy and getting great pumps, then take a look at Jack3d Micro’s three-phase pump system. Well, in part, because it was super potent — stronger, arguably, than any other preworkout on the market. Tangerang Selatan Sabar Lan Nrimo id. You can get DMAA at sites that sell gear. As a result of recent legal action by the U. Proprietary Blend: 12,435mg. Jack3d Ingredients & Supplement Facts. Is there a pre similar to OG Jack3d? - Is there a pre workout currently available that resembles pre-ban jack3d? That shite was magical. ago. Does anyone know if the original jack3d formula is really back on shelves? I've been hearing a lot of rumors and am trying to find out if this is true. I saw some posts and threads bouncing around about people claiming that there could be amphetamines in Jack3d (on AM and other forums). “USPlabs continues to believe that DMAA is legal, or. $240. 72 | / We know finding the perfect preworkout is hard. Its concentrated. Everyone remembers that first time they tried Jack3d and started running through walls. 95 — or $ 37. $ 49. Probably the most legendary Pre Workout Booster on the market!Jack3d is back, this time with a potent new formula that will BLOW your mind! Jack3d is a superb, no-crash formula contains L-Citrulline, Arginine Nitrate, Creatine Anhydrous and Beta Alanine. Yea theoretically that's awesome. craze + jack3d combo: you're essentially taking molly then hitting the gym. 95 20% off. Flavor: * Strawberry Kiwi Green Apple Candy Carnival Cotton Candy Pineapple Grape Pink Lemonade Rocket Pop Snow Cone Tropical Punch Tutti Frutti Watermelon. NASM Certified Personal Trainer and Nutritionist. jack3d pre workout. Mulletsoldier said: Sure, if you want to pay the proportionate increase in production costs from the increased plastic, increased paper, increased time, increased transportation costs, etc. $39. 50 27 bids 2d 16h. So my guess is for certain preworkouts (like the "old school hyped products" as you said, such as Jack3D original) and the hormonal-related, barely legal stuff (I don't really know much about those), you might get the fake/low quality products from bodyshock. One such example is Jack3d, which in the original formula contained DMAA, now a prohibited substance. Sold out. Jack3d Pre-Workout is a popular and well-known supplement that is designed to provide individuals with the energy, focus, and performance enhancement they need to. Ultimate Pre-Workout Matrix – USP Labs Jack3d with DMHA Original Formula. . However, it is still present in a number of dietary supplements, including Jack3d (pronounced “jacked”) and OxyELITE Pro, which are offered online and in physical stores and are meant to improve. + 50€ FREE SHIPPING. How many grams of DMAA are in Jack3D? Jack3D Original DMAA HCl Lemon Dosage:. The agricultural revolution that happened not so long ago, has led over the years to a dramatic decrease of the nutritional value that most foods have. Home. Jack3d Original . Although you may want to start with half a scoop no joke11. If you want to step up your game, it's about using the appropriate components in the proper proportions. Hey guys I've noticed increased energy and some gains while taking Jack3d. It has recently earned two prestigious “Best Of” awards: “Best Pre-Workout” and “Best Energy Supplement. Kategorier: Apotek Blandat, Deff Produkter, Verktyg / Övrigt. I’ve tried and tested both brands and has positive experiences. Jack3d Advanced Formula comes in a 45-serving tub for around $25-45, depending on where you buy it. 700+ bought in past month. And they all raise blood pressure. Its since been banned due to heart attacks and. Maximize Intense has a much more complete profile with plenty of effective performance enhancing ingredients at good doses. USP Labs Jack3d (Jacked) Pre-Exercise CNS-Carnosine-ATP Augmentor 8. Please note - this is not the original Jack3d product. Sem calorías. Beginning with the 4th use, if needed, you may gradually increase serving by a half scoop (2. usp labs jack3d original 8. The original Jack3d formula, which was introduced in 2008, contained DMAA (1-3 Dimethylamylamine). 97 | / Ultimate-T™ contains a number of ingredients that help increase your Testosterone levels and regulate estrogen related side effects. The original USP Labs Jack3d pre-workout formula is definitely made for those who know what DMAA is and are searching for products that contain it specifically. The original Jack3d was the best, but after trying C4 and N0explode, Jack3d is still my favorite and with the smallest scoop size and container. So I bought myself the original jack3d ( you can find a couple in backstock at gnc) and I looked at the 1 3 dymeth and people are comparing it to MDMA. †. Something strong. 99 with. While the molecular weights and. . Business, Economics, and Finance. About PricePlow. But Jack3d V2 now features a proprietary blend with ~4. $39. The Jack3d pre-workout formula is so potent that you only need a single 4. Mayyybe, I def feel the tingle more with jack3d than I do with PW, although I am not even sure how much BA is in PW lol. To get the original, banned version of Jack3d however, you'll have to go through sketchy eBay sellers online. Original formula Jack3d Pre-Workout from USP Labs is back and better than ever! Jack3d makes its comeback with a new formula powered with. Predator Nutrition stock Craze for the EU, though it's mad expensive since it's running out. Original DC POWER JACK for ASUS G75VW-NS72 G75VW-TH71 G74SX-DH71 G75VW-DS73-3D. It has created a reformulated version of Jack3d without DMAA called Jack3D Micro, but still sells the original version in the U. gearhead Senior Staff. Strongest Pre-Workout for Focus: Onnit Alpha Brain Pre-Workout. * Creatine monohydrate is used to increase high-intensity exercise performance. Sem Maltodextrina. Jack3d will prepare the muscle and brain for strenuous exercise. Don't forget that there aren't any carbs in Jack3d "Advanced Formula"; making the "industry-best" taste a truly mindboggling accomplishment. Mix 1-3 scoops with 100-200 ml of water, and consume this blend 30 minutes before your workout. De: R$280,00. Dark Labs CRACK DMM is a powerful training booster for hardcore workouts. 38. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for GENONE Old Jack Pre Workout Blue Raspberry 45 Servings & No Clumps at the best online prices at eBay! Free shipping for many products!Lol great post. RAW Essential Pre-Workout Powder (Orange) - Chris Bumstead Sports Nutrition Supplement for Men & Women - Preworkout Energy Powder with Caffeine, L-Citrulline, L-Tyrosine, & Beta Alanine Blend. This supplement is the perfect balance of effectiveness and value. 06-28-2009, 02:20 PM #30. 1-48 of 91 results for "jack3d pre workout original formula" Results Check each product page for other buying options. Mixed in to the contents of the Advanced Formula are a number of ingredients, one of which actually stops […]It currently has no rating, because of a pending Government Action related to the original formula. 99 for 10 grams (Free Shipping) ELV Bio – $79. The Original Jack3d Pre Workout Formula. Energy Effects 8. WTS Original Oxyelite Pro. USP Labs: Jack3d | Original Formula vs. Chemical compounds can vary by very slight amounts and have a drastic difference in function in the body. First Tub was the original Formula which was named JACKED had a bit less than the 3. $39. . Shop Nutri Cartel. Intense, long lasting feelings of increased focus, elevated mood, greater strength, increased endurance and the ability to train for longer were all effects people were reporting. Due to reformulation, the reviews are not so promising and it is nothing like the original. Jack 3D booster Original DMAA HCl Lemon has just received two "Best Of" awards: "Best Pre-Workout" and "Best Energy Supplement", 3D Original DMAA HCl Lemon contains 1,3. In fact, I've noticed that it plays with my blood pressure a lot more in a bad way. Buy It Now. DONT ABUSE THE DOSAGE and itll be fine. 1. Does Jack3d Still Contain DMAA? Unfortunately, no. If you're a fan in the. Sellers with highest buyer ratings; Returns, money back; Ships in a business day with tracking;USP Labs JACK3D Pre-Workout Review | as good as JACK3D Original? Best DMAA Pre-Workout? Jack3d Deal*: htposter: yes the original jack3d with 1,3 DMAA is no longer available. Jack3d will prepare the muscle and brain for strenuous exercise. FCK Normal Labs Oxyfire Ingredients A stimulant. Add to cart. Rp895. . maybe they just wiped the year off, ya know. Taste. Bad news, Jack3d fans. When I'm done with that, I'm totally amped and primed to hit the iron. Jack3D HCL For Workout USP Labs Green Apple. USP Labs Jack3D - features: Allows you to draw endless energy during training; Increases focus and concentration in a perfectly balanced time; Temporarily increases the level of. USPLabs in Texas, which made Jack3D and another DMAA-containing supplement called Oxy Elite Pro, went on the offensive. This dynamic formula is tailored to elevate endurance levels and combat muscle fatigue, making it the ideal choice for athletes and strength trainers. Creatine: 2g. Jack3d is well known and appreciated by bodybuilders as one of the strongest pre-workout supplements to ever hit the market. Get the best deals for jack3d at eBay. View full detailsI enjoyed jack3d and was using it years ago when it was the original dosing, it was crazy. The power of the supplement can be compared with only a few pre-workout products that have ever been available on the market. The sole objective of The Ultimate Jack3d Original Pre Workout with DMHA is to enable you to rule your domain. Having trouble finding it anywhere. A lawsuit claiming the young man’s death was caused by Jack3D has been filed against USPlabs and its executives and is now pending in federal court in Texas. The effects will work for several hours. Looking to gain some lean muscle mass, Mike went online to find some whey protein. I recently bought a bottle of DMAA pills here and want to know how much DMAA is in one scoop of Jack3d so i can do comparable dosing? I doubt you'll find out as it's a proprietary blend, but I believe recommended dose is around 50-75mg. Maybe more carbs would reduce it, grease up the colon a bit. Make sure to shake Jack3d Pre Workout thoroughly to ensure an even distribution of the ultra. Originally Posted by th3_original. Compre 2 por R$165,62 cada e economize 6%. I use C4 now, I can't remember the company that makes it, but its my favorite by far. ☕️ I make the memes 📠 Original content 🇦🇺 Australian made. Users of the original Jack3d claimed to feel the effects within 5 minutes of taking the supplement, allowing them to feel more energized and more prepared to take on the. It was one of the best Pre's I ever used, but only took about two weeks to build a tolerance to it. After many years of absence, possibly the most famous pre-workout name "Jack3d" has finally returned to Australia, hitting the shelves in March 2019. For the initial doses, start with 1-1. ¿Alguna vez te has despertado sin ganas de ir al gimnasio? Por supuesto que sí, todos hemos pasado por eso alguna vez y podría haber un millón de razones de por qué: estás cansado, dolorido, sin motivación, estresado. Energy- 4 scoops. The ingredient 1,3 dimethylamylamine, or DMAA, is illegal, according to the FDA. This is to be done the first. It was an insane pre-workout that was commonplace before football games, max-out day, and even when taking the ACT or SAT. The Jack3d™ pre-workout formula is so potent that you only need a single 4. The sole objective of The Ultimate Jack3d Original Pre Workout with DMHA is to enable you to rule your domain. lastly. 1. [1] Supplements are taken to increase endurance, energy, and focus during a workout. Jack3d Original 45 serv. Did C4 contain DMAA? C4 Extreme is no longer manufactured with DMAA. I take antiacids and just have to deal with it. If you're sick of wasting your hard earned money on Pre-Workout Supplements that leave you crashing before your workouts are finished. This supplement is the perfect balance of effectiveness and value. ago. Seek help. Yeah the original Jack3d was incredible. PWO Jack3d Original formulan DMAA mängd. Looking for some suggestions on a different pre-workout. We took the groundless threats as a challenge and decided to take the high road and just do some good ole fashioned hard work and research to provide our loyal fans with a viable replacement for the original. A lawyer for USPlabs, the Dallas company that markets Jack3d and OxyElite Pro, said his client disagreed with the F. Jack3d™ gives users much more than expected in terms of energy, focus and powerful. A lawyer for USPlabs, the Dallas company that markets Jack3d and OxyElite Pro, said his client disagreed with the F. NEW Jack3d TASTE 9/10 Like a tropical fruit squash. 15g scoop to feel its powerful effects. Dosage: 1-3 Scoops: Servings: 15-45: SKU: 811836024067: Weight: 0. We’re talking about gym addicts and heavy bodybuilders who regularly use risky supplements for their bodies. This compound was originally studied for its bronchial-dilator effects (improved breathing). Por: R$165,62 no pix ou boleto. What’s waiting inside is a truly explosive mix of well-researched ingredients such as arginine alpha-ketoglutarate, creatine monohydrate, beta alanine, caffeine, geranium extract, DMHA, and Schizandrol A. Sold out. Brand New. +C $49. free shipping. Taken off the market because someone somewhere died overdoing it. The original Jack 3D with DMAA is available in several shop's here in Europe. I'm pretty sure it's a speed, HGH and steroid stack in disguise. 5 scoops of Jack3d Original DMAA HCl powder. Now you know better how to dose it! It is essentially a Jack3d replacement / clone but even brings a few upgrades!Jack3D Original DMAA HCl Lemon – CarnoSyn Beta-Alanine is a patented amino acid that increases strength, aerobic and anaerobic endurance, and delays muscle fatigue to train harder. APS Nutrition Mesomorph V4 388 Grams. Product description. It is especially good when my warmup is a 45 minute yardio session. USP Labs JACK3D Pre-Workout Review | as good as JACK3D Original? Best DMAA Pre-Workout? Jack3d Deal*: htOriginal poster: yes the original jack3d with 1,3 DMAA is no longer available. link:. 33. When taken as recommended, OxyElite Pro was said to increase the body’s metabolism, help with appetite suppression, and turn off fat receptors in the body. 90 € incl. S. Verified purchase: Yes | Condition: New Jacked Factory NITROSURGE Shred Pre Workout Supplement - Energy Booster, Instant Strength Gains, Sharp Focus, Powerful Pumps - Nitric Oxide Booster & PreWorkout Powder - 30Sv, Fruit Punch. S. 95 for a 30. Step into the world of pre-workout excellence with Jack3d Original DMAA HCl . If you want to step up your game, it's about using the appropriate components in the proper proportions. The FDA policed, and banned the controversial ingredient. Post a link if you can but the original Jack3d hasn't been made in like 8 years. It indirectly participates in the synthesis of cGMP, which, along with ATP, participates in the. The second (dmaa free) version happened a little over a year and a half ago I believe around the same time BPI inked with GNC. The FDA policed, and banned the controversial ingredient. Jack3d by USP Labs is a potent pre-workout supplement designed to elevate energy levels, enhance focus, and increase endurance during workouts. Manufactured by USP Labs,.